The blog post explains a really interesting approach by Kavita Ganesan which uses a graph representation of sentences of review content to extract the most significant statements about a product.
Each word of the sentence is represented by a shared node in the graph with order of words being reflected by relationships pointing to the next word, which carries the sentence-id and a positional information of the leading word.
By just looking at the graph structure, it turns out that the most significant statements (positive or negative) are repeated across many reviews.
Differences in formulation or inserted fill words only affect the graph structure minimally but reinforce it for the parts where they overlap.
You can find all the details of the approach in this presentation or the accompanying research.
I always joked that you could create this graph representation without programming just by writing a simple Cypher statement, but I actually never tried.
Until now, and to be honest I’m impressed how easy it was to write down the essence and then extend and expand the statement until it covered a large number of inputs.
The essence of creating the graph can be formulated as: “Each word of the sentence is represented by a shared node in the graph with order of words being reflected by relationships pointing to the next word”.
In Cypher:
// "Great device but the calls drop too frequently"
WITH split("My phone calls drop frequently with the iPhone"," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
CREATE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2);
WITH split("Great device but the calls drop too frequently"," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2);
Running this statement with the two example reviews from the aforementioned blog post generates this graph representation:
Pretty cool, I can also run queries for instance to find common phrases (for phones):
MATCH path = (w:Word {name:"calls"})-[:NEXT*..3]->()
RETURN [n in nodes(path) | n.name] as phrase
LIMIT 5;
| phrase |
| [calls, drop] |
| [calls, drop, frequently] |
| [calls, drop, frequently, with] |
| [calls, drop, too] |
| [calls, drop, too, frequently] |
The Cypher features used so far:
WITH to provide data to the next query statement
split() to split text along delimiters
size() for the size of collections and strings
range() to create a range of numbers
UNWIND to turn a collection into result rows
collection index access to get the individual words
MERGE to “find-or-create” data in the graph, with a label :Word for each of the nodes and a property name
CREATE to create the relationship between two nodes (You would want to use MERGE on the relationship in this concrete case)
For MERGE to work efficiently you would want to create an constraint in your graph, like this:
CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (w:Word) ASSERT w.name IS UNIQUE;
But I wanted moar features!
So I added one after the other in quick succession, becoming happier as I went along as I didn’t hit any real stumbling blocks.
I want to record followship frequency
Easy, use ON CREATE and ON MATCH with MERGE
WITH split("My phone calls drop frequently with the iPhone"," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[r:NEXT]->(w2)
ON CREATE SET r.count = 1 ON MATCH SET r.count = r.count +1;
I want to record the word frequencies too
Same approach, only note that the last word is only merged by the second statement
WITH split("My phone calls drop frequently with the iPhone"," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
ON CREATE SET w1.count = 1 ON MATCH SET w1.count = w1.count + 1
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
ON CREATE SET w2.count = 1
ON MATCH SET w2.count = w2.count + (case when idx = size(words)-2 then 1 else 0 end)
MERGE (w1)-[r:NEXT]->(w2)
ON CREATE SET r.count = 1
ON MATCH SET r.count = r.count +1;
I also want to sentence number and word position
I pass the sentence number from the the outside as sid, the position is `idx`
WITH 1 as sid, split("My phone calls drop frequently with the iPhone"," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
ON CREATE SET w1.count = 1 ON MATCH SET w1.count = w1.count + 1
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
ON CREATE SET w2.count = 1
ON MATCH SET w2.count = w2.count + (case when idx = size(words)-2 then 1 else 0 end)
MERGE (w1)-[r:NEXT]->(w2)
ON CREATE SET r.count = 1, r.pos = [sid,idx]
ON MATCH SET r.count = r.count +1, r.pos = r.pos + [sid,idx];
I want all words to be lower-case
Apply tolower() to the text
WITH "My phone calls drop frequently with the iPhone" as text
WITH split(tolower(text)," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2)
I want to clean up punctuation
Just use replace() repeatedly with the text
with "Great device, but the calls drop too frequently." as text
with replace(replace(tolower(text),".",""),",","") as normalized
with split(normalized," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2)
I want to remove many punctuation symbols
Work over a collection of punctuations symbols with `reduce`
with "Great device, but the calls drop too frequently." as text
with reduce(t=tolower(text), delim in [",",".","!","?",'"',":",";","'","-"] | replace(t,delim,"")) as normalized
with split(normalized," ") as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2)
I want to trim whitespace
Use trim() with each word of the collection
with "Great device, but the calls drop too frequently." as text
with replace(replace(tolower(text),".",""),",","") as normalized
with [w in split(normalized," ") | trim(w)] as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2)
I want to filter out stop words
Filter the words after splitting and trimming by checking against a collection with `IN`
with "Great device, but the calls drop too frequently." as text
with replace(replace(tolower(text),".",""),",","") as normalized
with [w in split(normalized," ") | trim(w)] as words
with [w in words WHERE NOT w IN ["the","an","on"]] as words
UNWIND range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[:NEXT]->(w2)
Cleanup
match (n) optional match (n)-[r]-() delete n,r
I want to load the text from a file
LOAD CSV actually doesn’t care if the file is a CSV or not
We use the Lord of the Rings poem of the One Ring as input, locatd in a dropbox text file.
LOAD CSV loads each row as array of strings (when not used with a header row), using the provided field terminator (comma by default).
If we choose a full stop as a field terminator, it actually splits on sentence ends (mostly).
So we can just unwind each row into it’s cells (text fragments) and then treat each of those as we did a piece of text before.
Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone, Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie.
load csv from "https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/14493611/one-ring.txt" as row fieldterminator "."
with row
unwind row as text
with reduce(t=tolower(text), delim in [",",".","!","?",'"',":",";","'","-"] | replace(t,delim,"")) as normalized
with [w in split(normalized," ") | trim(w)] as words
unwind range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[r:NEXT]->(w2)
ON CREATE SET r.count = 1 ON MATCH SET r.count = r.count +1
I want to ingest really large files
Prefix your LOAD CSV with USING PERIODIC COMMIT X for committing after X rows
using periodic commit 1000
load csv from "https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/14493611/one-ring.txt" as row fieldterminator "."
with row
unwind row as text
with reduce(t=tolower(text), delim in [",",".","!","?",'"',":",";","'","-"] | replace(t,delim,"")) as normalized
with [w in split(normalized," ") | trim(w)] as words
unwind range(0,size(words)-2) as idx
MERGE (w1:Word {name:words[idx]})
MERGE (w2:Word {name:words[idx+1]})
MERGE (w1)-[r:NEXT]->(w2)
There are many ways how you can use the data, either follow what Kavita suggests in her paper or just play around freely with the graph, like I did below.
Finding the most important phrase of the text is easy.
Look for paths with high reference counts and compute a score of total reference counts of the paths and order by it.
MATCH path = (w:Word)-[:NEXT*..5]->() WHERE ALL (r IN rels(path) WHERE r.count > 1) RETURN [w IN nodes(path)| w.name] AS phrase, reduce(sum=0,r IN rels(path)| sum + r.count) as score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 1
| phrase | score |
| [one, ring, to] |
6 |
