Glossary of keywords

Clauses
Operators
Functions
Expressions
Cypher^® query options
Administrative commands
Privilege Actions

Clauses

Clause Category Description

Clause	Category	Description
CALL […YIELD]	Reading/Writing	Invoke a procedure deployed in the database.
CALL {…}	Reading/Writing	Evaluates a subquery, typically used for post-union processing or aggregations.
CREATE	Writing	Create nodes and relationships.
CREATE CONSTRAINT [existence] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT exists(n.property)	Schema	Create a constraint ensuring that all nodes with a particular label have a certain property.
CREATE CONSTRAINT [node_key] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT (n.prop1, …, n.propN) IS NODE KEY	Schema	Create a constraint ensuring all nodes with a particular label have all the specified properties and that the combination of property values is unique; i.e. ensures existence and uniqueness.
CREATE CONSTRAINT [existence] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON ()-[r:REL_TYPE]-() ASSERT exists(r.property)	Schema	Create a constraint ensuring that all relationships with a particular type have a certain property.
CREATE CONSTRAINT [uniqueness] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT n.property IS UNIQUE	Schema	Create a constraint ensuring the uniqueness of the combination of node label and property value for a particular property key across all nodes.
CREATE INDEX [single] [IF NOT EXISTS] FOR (n:Label) ON (n.property)	Schema	Create an index on all nodes with a particular label and a single property; i.e. create a single-property index.
CREATE INDEX [composite] [IF NOT EXISTS] FOR (n:Label) ON (n.prop1, …, n.propN)	Schema	Create an index on all nodes with a particular label and multiple properties; i.e. create a composite index.
DELETE	Writing	Delete nodes, relationships or paths. Any node to be deleted must also have all associated relationships explicitly deleted.
DETACH DELETE	Writing	Delete a node or set of nodes. All associated relationships will automatically be deleted.
DROP CONSTRAINT name [IF EXISTS]	Schema	Drop a constraint using the name.
DROP INDEX name [IF EXISTS]	Schema	Drop an index using the name.
FOREACH	Writing	Update data within a list, whether components of a path, or the result of aggregation.
LIMIT	Reading sub-clause	A sub-clause used to constrain the number of rows in the output.
LOAD CSV	Importing data	Use when importing data from CSV files.
MATCH	Reading	Specify the patterns to search for in the database.
MERGE	Reading/Writing	Ensures that a pattern exists in the graph. Either the pattern already exists, or it needs to be created.
ON CREATE	Reading/Writing	Used in conjunction with `MERGE`, specifying the actions to take if the pattern needs to be created.
ON MATCH	Reading/Writing	Used in conjunction with `MERGE`, specifying the actions to take if the pattern already exists.
OPTIONAL MATCH	Reading	Specify the patterns to search for in the database while using `nulls` for missing parts of the pattern.
ORDER BY [ASC[ENDING] \| DESC[ENDING]]	Reading sub-clause	A sub-clause following `RETURN` or `WITH`, specifying that the output should be sorted in either ascending (the default) or descending order.
REMOVE	Writing	Remove properties and labels from nodes and relationships.
RETURN … [AS]	Projecting	Defines what to include in the query result set.
SET	Writing	Update labels on nodes and properties on nodes and relationships.
SKIP	Reading/Writing	A sub-clause defining from which row to start including the rows in the output.
UNION	Set operations	Combines the result of multiple queries. Duplicates are removed.
UNION ALL	Set operations	Combines the result of multiple queries. Duplicates are retained.
UNWIND … [AS]	Projecting	Expands a list into a sequence of rows.
USE	Multiple graphs	Determines which graph a query, or query part, is executed against.
USING INDEX variable:Label(property)	Hint	Index hints are used to specify which index, if any, the planner should use as a starting point.
USING INDEX SEEK variable:Label(property)	Hint	Index seek hint instructs the planner to use an index seek for this clause.
USING JOIN ON variable	Hint	Join hints are used to enforce a join operation at specified points.
USING PERIODIC COMMIT	Hint	This query hint may be used to prevent an out-of-memory error from occurring when importing large amounts of data using `LOAD CSV`.
USING SCAN variable:Label	Hint	Scan hints are used to force the planner to do a label scan (followed by a filtering operation) instead of using an index.
WITH … [AS]	Projecting	Allows query parts to be chained together, piping the results from one to be used as starting points or criteria in the next.
WHERE	Reading sub-clause	A sub-clause used to add constraints to the patterns in a `MATCH` or `OPTIONAL MATCH` clause, or to filter the results of a `WITH` clause.
WHERE EXISTS {…}	Reading sub-clause	An existential sub-query used to filter the results of a `MATCH`, `OPTIONAL MATCH` or `WITH` clause.

CALL […YIELD]

Reading/Writing

Invoke a procedure deployed in the database.

CALL {…}

Reading/Writing

Evaluates a subquery, typically used for post-union processing or aggregations.

CREATE

Writing

Create nodes and relationships.

CREATE CONSTRAINT [existence] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT exists(n.property)

Schema

Create a constraint ensuring that all nodes with a particular label have a certain property.

CREATE CONSTRAINT [node_key] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT (n.prop1, …, n.propN) IS NODE KEY

Schema

Create a constraint ensuring all nodes with a particular label have all the specified properties and that the combination of property values is unique; i.e. ensures existence and uniqueness.

CREATE CONSTRAINT [existence] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON ()-[r:REL_TYPE]-() ASSERT exists(r.property)

Schema

Create a constraint ensuring that all relationships with a particular type have a certain property.

CREATE CONSTRAINT [uniqueness] [IF NOT EXISTS] ON (n:Label) ASSERT n.property IS UNIQUE

Schema

Create a constraint ensuring the uniqueness of the combination of node label and property value for a particular property key across all nodes.

CREATE INDEX [single] [IF NOT EXISTS] FOR (n:Label) ON (n.property)

Schema

Create an index on all nodes with a particular label and a single property; i.e. create a single-property index.

CREATE INDEX [composite] [IF NOT EXISTS] FOR (n:Label) ON (n.prop1, …, n.propN)

Schema

Create an index on all nodes with a particular label and multiple properties; i.e. create a composite index.

DELETE

Writing

Delete nodes, relationships or paths. Any node to be deleted must also have all associated relationships explicitly deleted.

DETACH DELETE

Writing

Delete a node or set of nodes. All associated relationships will automatically be deleted.

DROP CONSTRAINT name [IF EXISTS]

Schema

Drop a constraint using the name.

DROP INDEX name [IF EXISTS]

Schema

Drop an index using the name.

FOREACH

Writing

Update data within a list, whether components of a path, or the result of aggregation.

LIMIT

Reading sub-clause

A sub-clause used to constrain the number of rows in the output.

LOAD CSV

Importing data

Use when importing data from CSV files.

MATCH

Reading

Specify the patterns to search for in the database.

MERGE

Reading/Writing

Ensures that a pattern exists in the graph. Either the pattern already exists, or it needs to be created.

ON CREATE

Reading/Writing

Used in conjunction with MERGE, specifying the actions to take if the pattern needs to be created.

ON MATCH

Reading/Writing

Used in conjunction with MERGE, specifying the actions to take if the pattern already exists.

OPTIONAL MATCH

Reading

Specify the patterns to search for in the database while using nulls for missing parts of the pattern.

ORDER BY [ASC[ENDING] | DESC[ENDING]]

Reading sub-clause

A sub-clause following RETURN or WITH, specifying that the output should be sorted in either ascending (the default) or descending order.

REMOVE

Writing

Remove properties and labels from nodes and relationships.

RETURN … [AS]

Projecting

Defines what to include in the query result set.

SET

Writing

Update labels on nodes and properties on nodes and relationships.

SKIP

Reading/Writing

A sub-clause defining from which row to start including the rows in the output.

UNION

Set operations

Combines the result of multiple queries. Duplicates are removed.

UNION ALL

Set operations

Combines the result of multiple queries. Duplicates are retained.

UNWIND … [AS]

Projecting

Expands a list into a sequence of rows.

USE

Multiple graphs

Determines which graph a query, or query part, is executed against.

USING INDEX variable:Label(property)

Hint

Index hints are used to specify which index, if any, the planner should use as a starting point.

USING INDEX SEEK variable:Label(property)

Hint

Index seek hint instructs the planner to use an index seek for this clause.

USING JOIN ON variable

Hint

Join hints are used to enforce a join operation at specified points.

USING PERIODIC COMMIT

Hint

This query hint may be used to prevent an out-of-memory error from occurring when importing large amounts of data using LOAD CSV.

USING SCAN variable:Label

Hint

Scan hints are used to force the planner to do a label scan (followed by a filtering operation) instead of using an index.

WITH … [AS]

Projecting

Allows query parts to be chained together, piping the results from one to be used as starting points or criteria in the next.

WHERE

Reading sub-clause

A sub-clause used to add constraints to the patterns in a MATCH or OPTIONAL MATCH clause, or to filter the results of a WITH clause.

WHERE EXISTS {…}

Reading sub-clause

An existential sub-query used to filter the results of a MATCH, OPTIONAL MATCH or WITH clause.

Operators

Operator Category Description

Operator	Category	Description
%	Mathematical	Modulo division
*	Mathematical	Multiplication
*	Temporal	Multiplying a duration with a number
+	Mathematical	Addition
+	String	Concatenation
+=	Property	Property mutation
+	List	Concatenation
+	Temporal	Adding two durations, or a duration and a temporal instant
-	Mathematical	Subtraction or unary minus
-	Temporal	Subtracting a duration from a temporal instant or from another duration
.	Map	Static value access by key
.	Property	Static property access
/	Mathematical	Division
/	Temporal	Dividing a duration by a number
<	Comparison	Less than
<=	Comparison	Less than or equal to
<>	Comparison	Inequality
=	Comparison	Equality
=	Property	Property replacement
=~	String	Regular expression match
>	Comparison	Greater than
>=	Comparison	Greater than or equal to
AND	Boolean	Conjunction
CONTAINS	String comparison	Case-sensitive inclusion search
DISTINCT	Aggregation	Duplicate removal
ENDS WITH	String comparison	Case-sensitive suffix search
IN	List	List element existence check
IS NOT NULL	Comparison	Non-`null` check
IS NULL	Comparison	`null` check
NOT	Boolean	Negation
OR	Boolean	Disjunction
STARTS WITH	String comparison	Case-sensitive prefix search
XOR	Boolean	Exclusive disjunction
[]	Map	Subscript (dynamic value access by key)
[]	Property	Subscript (dynamic property access)
[]	List	Subscript (accessing element(s) in a list)
^	Mathematical	Exponentiation

Mathematical

Modulo division

Mathematical

Multiplication

Temporal

Multiplying a duration with a number

Mathematical

Addition

String

Concatenation

Property

Property mutation

List

Concatenation

Temporal

Adding two durations, or a duration and a temporal instant

Mathematical

Subtraction or unary minus

Temporal

Subtracting a duration from a temporal instant or from another duration

Map

Static value access by key

Property

Static property access

Mathematical

Division

Temporal

Dividing a duration by a number

Comparison

Less than

Comparison

Less than or equal to

Comparison

Inequality

Comparison

Equality

Property

Property replacement

String

Regular expression match

Comparison

Greater than

Comparison

Greater than or equal to

AND

Boolean

Conjunction

CONTAINS

String comparison

Case-sensitive inclusion search

DISTINCT

Aggregation

Duplicate removal

ENDS WITH

String comparison

Case-sensitive suffix search

List

List element existence check

IS NOT NULL

Comparison

Non-null check

IS NULL

Comparison

null check

NOT

Boolean

Negation

Boolean

Disjunction

STARTS WITH

String comparison

Case-sensitive prefix search

XOR

Boolean

Exclusive disjunction

[]

Map

Subscript (dynamic value access by key)

[]

Property

Subscript (dynamic property access)

[]

List

Subscript (accessing element(s) in a list)

Mathematical

Exponentiation

Functions

Function Category Description

Function	Category	Description
abs()	Numeric	Returns the absolute value of a number.
acos()	Trigonometric	Returns the arccosine of a number in radians.
all()	Predicate	Tests whether the predicate holds for all elements in a list.
any()	Predicate	Tests whether the predicate holds for at least one element in a list.
asin()	Trigonometric	Returns the arcsine of a number in radians.
atan()	Trigonometric	Returns the arctangent of a number in radians.
atan2()	Trigonometric	Returns the arctangent2 of a set of coordinates in radians.
avg()	Aggregating	Returns the average of a set of values.
ceil()	Numeric	Returns the smallest floating point number that is greater than or equal to a number and equal to a mathematical integer.
coalesce()	Scalar	Returns the first non-`null` value in a list of expressions.
collect()	Aggregating	Returns a list containing the values returned by an expression.
cos()	Trigonometric	Returns the cosine of a number.
cot()	Trigonometric	Returns the cotangent of a number.
count()	Aggregating	Returns the number of values or rows.
date()	Temporal	Returns the current Date.
date({year [, month, day]})	Temporal	Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) Date.
date({year [, week, dayOfWeek]})	Temporal	Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) Date.
date({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter]})	Temporal	Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) Date.
date({year [, ordinalDay]})	Temporal	Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) Date.
date(string)	Temporal	Returns a Date by parsing a string.
date({map})	Temporal	Returns a Date from a map of another temporal value’s components.
date.realtime()	Temporal	Returns the current Date using the `realtime` clock.
date.statement()	Temporal	Returns the current Date using the `statement` clock.
date.transaction()	Temporal	Returns the current Date using the `transaction` clock.
date.truncate()	Temporal	Returns a Date obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.
datetime()	Temporal	Returns the current DateTime.
datetime({year [, month, day, …]})	Temporal	Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) DateTime.
datetime({year [, week, dayOfWeek, …]})	Temporal	Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) DateTime.
datetime({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter, …]})	Temporal	Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) DateTime.
datetime({year [, ordinalDay, …]})	Temporal	Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) DateTime.
datetime(string)	Temporal	Returns a DateTime by parsing a string.
datetime({map})	Temporal	Returns a DateTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.
datetime({epochSeconds})	Temporal	Returns a DateTime from a timestamp.
datetime.realtime()	Temporal	Returns the current DateTime using the `realtime` clock.
datetime.statement()	Temporal	Returns the current DateTime using the `statement` clock.
datetime.transaction()	Temporal	Returns the current DateTime using the `transaction` clock.
datetime.truncate()	Temporal	Returns a DateTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.
degrees()	Trigonometric	Converts radians to degrees.
distance()	Spatial	Returns a floating point number representing the geodesic distance between any two points in the same CRS.
duration({map})	Temporal	Returns a Duration from a map of its components.
duration(string)	Temporal	Returns a Duration by parsing a string.
duration.between()	Temporal	Returns a Duration equal to the difference between two given instants.
duration.inDays()	Temporal	Returns a Duration equal to the difference in whole days or weeks between two given instants.
duration.inMonths()	Temporal	Returns a Duration equal to the difference in whole months, quarters or years between two given instants.
duration.inSeconds()	Temporal	Returns a Duration equal to the difference in seconds and fractions of seconds, or minutes or hours, between two given instants.
e()	Logarithmic	Returns the base of the natural logarithm, `e`.
endNode()	Scalar	Returns the end node of a relationship.
exists()	Predicate	Returns true if a match for the pattern exists in the graph, or if the specified property exists in the node, relationship or map.
exp()	Logarithmic	Returns `e^n`, where `e` is the base of the natural logarithm, and `n` is the value of the argument expression.
floor()	Numeric	Returns the largest floating point number that is less than or equal to a number and equal to a mathematical integer.
haversin()	Trigonometric	Returns half the versine of a number.
head()	Scalar	Returns the first element in a list.
id()	Scalar	Returns the id of a relationship or node.
keys()	List	Returns a list containing the string representations for all the property names of a node, relationship, or map.
labels()	List	Returns a list containing the string representations for all the labels of a node.
last()	Scalar	Returns the last element in a list.
left()	String	Returns a string containing the specified number of leftmost characters of the original string.
length()	Scalar	Returns the length of a path.
localdatetime()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalDateTime.
localdatetime({year [, month, day, …]})	Temporal	Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) LocalDateTime.
localdatetime({year [, week, dayOfWeek, …]})	Temporal	Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) LocalDateTime.
localdatetime({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter, …]})	Temporal	Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) DateTime.
localdatetime({year [, ordinalDay, …]})	Temporal	Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) LocalDateTime.
localdatetime(string)	Temporal	Returns a LocalDateTime by parsing a string.
localdatetime({map})	Temporal	Returns a LocalDateTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.
localdatetime.realtime()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalDateTime using the `realtime` clock.
localdatetime.statement()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalDateTime using the `statement` clock.
localdatetime.transaction()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalDateTime using the `transaction` clock.
localdatetime.truncate()	Temporal	Returns a LocalDateTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.
localtime()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalTime.
localtime({hour [, minute, second, …]})	Temporal	Returns a LocalTime with the specified component values.
localtime(string)	Temporal	Returns a LocalTime by parsing a string.
localtime({time [, hour, …]})	Temporal	Returns a LocalTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.
localtime.realtime()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalTime using the `realtime` clock.
localtime.statement()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalTime using the `statement` clock.
localtime.transaction()	Temporal	Returns the current LocalTime using the `transaction` clock.
localtime.truncate()	Temporal	Returns a LocalTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.
log()	Logarithmic	Returns the natural logarithm of a number.
log10()	Logarithmic	Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a number.
lTrim()	String	Returns the original string with leading whitespace removed.
max()	Aggregating	Returns the maximum value in a set of values.
min()	Aggregating	Returns the minimum value in a set of values.
nodes()	List	Returns a list containing all the nodes in a path.
none()	Predicate	Returns true if the predicate holds for no element in a list.
percentileCont()	Aggregating	Returns the percentile of the given value over a group using linear interpolation.
percentileDisc()	Aggregating	Returns the nearest value to the given percentile over a group using a rounding method.
pi()	Trigonometric	Returns the mathematical constant pi.
point() - Cartesian 2D	Spatial	Returns a 2D point object, given two coordinate values in the Cartesian coordinate system.
point() - Cartesian 3D	Spatial	Returns a 3D point object, given three coordinate values in the Cartesian coordinate system.
point() - WGS 84 2D	Spatial	Returns a 2D point object, given two coordinate values in the WGS 84 coordinate system.
point() - WGS 84 3D	Spatial	Returns a 3D point object, given three coordinate values in the WGS 84 coordinate system.
properties()	Scalar	Returns a map containing all the properties of a node or relationship.
radians()	Trigonometric	Converts degrees to radians.
rand()	Numeric	Returns a random floating point number in the range from 0 (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive); i.e. `[0, 1)`.
randomUUID()	Scalar	Returns a string value corresponding to a randomly-generated UUID.
range()	List	Returns a list comprising all integer values within a specified range.
reduce()	List	Runs an expression against individual elements of a list, storing the result of the expression in an accumulator.
relationships()	List	Returns a list containing all the relationships in a path.
replace()	String	Returns a string in which all occurrences of a specified string in the original string have been replaced by another (specified) string.
reverse()	List	Returns a list in which the order of all elements in the original list have been reversed.
reverse()	String	Returns a string in which the order of all characters in the original string have been reversed.
right()	String	Returns a string containing the specified number of rightmost characters of the original string.
round()	Numeric	Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.
rTrim()	String	Returns the original string with trailing whitespace removed.
sign()	Numeric	Returns the signum of a number: `0` if the number is `0`, `-1` for any negative number, and `1` for any positive number.
sin()	Trigonometric	Returns the sine of a number.
single()	Predicate	Returns true if the predicate holds for exactly one of the elements in a list.
size()	Scalar	Returns the number of items in a list.
size() applied to pattern expression	Scalar	Returns the number of paths matching the pattern expression.
size() applied to string	Scalar	Returns the number of Unicode characters in a string.
split()	String	Returns a list of strings resulting from the splitting of the original string around matches of the given delimiter.
sqrt()	Logarithmic	Returns the square root of a number.
startNode()	Scalar	Returns the start node of a relationship.
stDev()	Aggregating	Returns the standard deviation for the given value over a group for a sample of a population.
stDevP()	Aggregating	Returns the standard deviation for the given value over a group for an entire population.
substring()	String	Returns a substring of the original string, beginning with a 0-based index start and length.
sum()	Aggregating	Returns the sum of a set of numeric values.
tail()	List	Returns all but the first element in a list.
tan()	Trigonometric	Returns the tangent of a number.
time()	Temporal	Returns the current Time.
time({hour [, minute, …]})	Temporal	Returns a Time with the specified component values.
time(string)	Temporal	Returns a Time by parsing a string.
time({time [, hour, …, timezone]})	Temporal	Returns a Time from a map of another temporal value’s components.
time.realtime()	Temporal	Returns the current Time using the `realtime` clock.
time.statement()	Temporal	Returns the current Time using the `statement` clock.
time.transaction()	Temporal	Returns the current Time using the `transaction` clock.
time.truncate()	Temporal	Returns a Time obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.
timestamp()	Scalar	Returns the difference, measured in milliseconds, between the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC.
toBoolean()	Scalar	Converts a string value to a boolean value.
toFloat()	Scalar	Converts an integer or string value to a floating point number.
toInteger()	Scalar	Converts a floating point or string value to an integer value.
toLower()	String	Returns the original string in lowercase.
toString()	String	Converts an integer, float, boolean or temporal (i.e. Date, Time, LocalTime, DateTime, LocalDateTime or Duration) value to a string.
toUpper()	String	Returns the original string in uppercase.
trim()	String	Returns the original string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.
type()	Scalar	Returns the string representation of the relationship type.

abs()

Numeric

Returns the absolute value of a number.

acos()

Trigonometric

Returns the arccosine of a number in radians.

all()

Predicate

Tests whether the predicate holds for all elements in a list.

any()

Predicate

Tests whether the predicate holds for at least one element in a list.

asin()

Trigonometric

Returns the arcsine of a number in radians.

atan()

Trigonometric

Returns the arctangent of a number in radians.

atan2()

Trigonometric

Returns the arctangent2 of a set of coordinates in radians.

avg()

Aggregating

Returns the average of a set of values.

ceil()

Numeric

Returns the smallest floating point number that is greater than or equal to a number and equal to a mathematical integer.

coalesce()

Scalar

Returns the first non-null value in a list of expressions.

collect()

Aggregating

Returns a list containing the values returned by an expression.

cos()

Trigonometric

Returns the cosine of a number.

cot()

Trigonometric

Returns the cotangent of a number.

count()

Aggregating

Returns the number of values or rows.

date()

Temporal

Returns the current Date.

date({year [, month, day]})

Temporal

Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) Date.

date({year [, week, dayOfWeek]})

Temporal

Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) Date.

date({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter]})

Temporal

Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) Date.

date({year [, ordinalDay]})

Temporal

Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) Date.

date(string)

Temporal

Returns a Date by parsing a string.

date({map})

Temporal

Returns a Date from a map of another temporal value’s components.

date.realtime()

Temporal

Returns the current Date using the realtime clock.

date.statement()

Temporal

Returns the current Date using the statement clock.

date.transaction()

Temporal

Returns the current Date using the transaction clock.

date.truncate()

Temporal

Returns a Date obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.

datetime()

Temporal

Returns the current DateTime.

datetime({year [, month, day, …]})

Temporal

Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) DateTime.

datetime({year [, week, dayOfWeek, …]})

Temporal

Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) DateTime.

datetime({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter, …]})

Temporal

Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) DateTime.

datetime({year [, ordinalDay, …]})

Temporal

Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) DateTime.

datetime(string)

Temporal

Returns a DateTime by parsing a string.

datetime({map})

Temporal

Returns a DateTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.

datetime({epochSeconds})

Temporal

Returns a DateTime from a timestamp.

datetime.realtime()

Temporal

Returns the current DateTime using the realtime clock.

datetime.statement()

Temporal

Returns the current DateTime using the statement clock.

datetime.transaction()

Temporal

Returns the current DateTime using the transaction clock.

datetime.truncate()

Temporal

Returns a DateTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.

degrees()

Trigonometric

Converts radians to degrees.

distance()

Spatial

Returns a floating point number representing the geodesic distance between any two points in the same CRS.

duration({map})

Temporal

Returns a Duration from a map of its components.

duration(string)

Temporal

Returns a Duration by parsing a string.

duration.between()

Temporal

Returns a Duration equal to the difference between two given instants.

duration.inDays()

Temporal

Returns a Duration equal to the difference in whole days or weeks between two given instants.

duration.inMonths()

Temporal

Returns a Duration equal to the difference in whole months, quarters or years between two given instants.

duration.inSeconds()

Temporal

Returns a Duration equal to the difference in seconds and fractions of seconds, or minutes or hours, between two given instants.

e()

Logarithmic

Returns the base of the natural logarithm, e.

endNode()

Scalar

Returns the end node of a relationship.

exists()

Predicate

Returns true if a match for the pattern exists in the graph, or if the specified property exists in the node, relationship or map.

exp()

Logarithmic

Returns e^n, where e is the base of the natural logarithm, and n is the value of the argument expression.

floor()

Numeric

Returns the largest floating point number that is less than or equal to a number and equal to a mathematical integer.

haversin()

Trigonometric

Returns half the versine of a number.

head()

Scalar

Returns the first element in a list.

id()

Scalar

Returns the id of a relationship or node.

keys()

List

Returns a list containing the string representations for all the property names of a node, relationship, or map.

labels()

List

Returns a list containing the string representations for all the labels of a node.

last()

Scalar

Returns the last element in a list.

left()

String

Returns a string containing the specified number of leftmost characters of the original string.

length()

Scalar

Returns the length of a path.

localdatetime()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalDateTime.

localdatetime({year [, month, day, …]})

Temporal

Returns a calendar (Year-Month-Day) LocalDateTime.

localdatetime({year [, week, dayOfWeek, …]})

Temporal

Returns a week (Year-Week-Day) LocalDateTime.

localdatetime({year [, quarter, dayOfQuarter, …]})

Temporal

Returns a quarter (Year-Quarter-Day) DateTime.

localdatetime({year [, ordinalDay, …]})

Temporal

Returns an ordinal (Year-Day) LocalDateTime.

localdatetime(string)

Temporal

Returns a LocalDateTime by parsing a string.

localdatetime({map})

Temporal

Returns a LocalDateTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.

localdatetime.realtime()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalDateTime using the realtime clock.

localdatetime.statement()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalDateTime using the statement clock.

localdatetime.transaction()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalDateTime using the transaction clock.

localdatetime.truncate()

Temporal

Returns a LocalDateTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.

localtime()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalTime.

localtime({hour [, minute, second, …]})

Temporal

Returns a LocalTime with the specified component values.

localtime(string)

Temporal

Returns a LocalTime by parsing a string.

localtime({time [, hour, …]})

Temporal

Returns a LocalTime from a map of another temporal value’s components.

localtime.realtime()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalTime using the realtime clock.

localtime.statement()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalTime using the statement clock.

localtime.transaction()

Temporal

Returns the current LocalTime using the transaction clock.

localtime.truncate()

Temporal

Returns a LocalTime obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.

log()

Logarithmic

Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

log10()

Logarithmic

Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a number.

lTrim()

String

Returns the original string with leading whitespace removed.

max()

Aggregating

Returns the maximum value in a set of values.

min()

Aggregating

Returns the minimum value in a set of values.

nodes()

List

Returns a list containing all the nodes in a path.

none()

Predicate

Returns true if the predicate holds for no element in a list.

percentileCont()

Aggregating

Returns the percentile of the given value over a group using linear interpolation.

percentileDisc()

Aggregating

Returns the nearest value to the given percentile over a group using a rounding method.

pi()

Trigonometric

Returns the mathematical constant pi.

point() - Cartesian 2D

Spatial

Returns a 2D point object, given two coordinate values in the Cartesian coordinate system.

point() - Cartesian 3D

Spatial

Returns a 3D point object, given three coordinate values in the Cartesian coordinate system.

point() - WGS 84 2D

Spatial

Returns a 2D point object, given two coordinate values in the WGS 84 coordinate system.

point() - WGS 84 3D

Spatial

Returns a 3D point object, given three coordinate values in the WGS 84 coordinate system.

properties()

Scalar

Returns a map containing all the properties of a node or relationship.

radians()

Trigonometric

Converts degrees to radians.

rand()

Numeric

Returns a random floating point number in the range from 0 (inclusive) to 1 (exclusive); i.e. [0, 1).

randomUUID()

Scalar

Returns a string value corresponding to a randomly-generated UUID.

range()

List

Returns a list comprising all integer values within a specified range.

reduce()

List

Runs an expression against individual elements of a list, storing the result of the expression in an accumulator.

relationships()

List

Returns a list containing all the relationships in a path.

replace()

String

Returns a string in which all occurrences of a specified string in the original string have been replaced by another (specified) string.

reverse()

List

Returns a list in which the order of all elements in the original list have been reversed.

reverse()

String

Returns a string in which the order of all characters in the original string have been reversed.

right()

String

Returns a string containing the specified number of rightmost characters of the original string.

round()

Numeric

Returns the value of a number rounded to the nearest integer.

rTrim()

String

Returns the original string with trailing whitespace removed.

sign()

Numeric

Returns the signum of a number: 0 if the number is 0, -1 for any negative number, and 1 for any positive number.

sin()

Trigonometric

Returns the sine of a number.

single()

Predicate

Returns true if the predicate holds for exactly one of the elements in a list.

size()

Scalar

Returns the number of items in a list.

size() applied to pattern expression

Scalar

Returns the number of paths matching the pattern expression.

size() applied to string

Scalar

Returns the number of Unicode characters in a string.

split()

String

Returns a list of strings resulting from the splitting of the original string around matches of the given delimiter.

sqrt()

Logarithmic

Returns the square root of a number.

startNode()

Scalar

Returns the start node of a relationship.

stDev()

Aggregating

Returns the standard deviation for the given value over a group for a sample of a population.

stDevP()

Aggregating

Returns the standard deviation for the given value over a group for an entire population.

substring()

String

Returns a substring of the original string, beginning with a 0-based index start and length.

sum()

Aggregating

Returns the sum of a set of numeric values.

tail()

List

Returns all but the first element in a list.

tan()

Trigonometric

Returns the tangent of a number.

time()

Temporal

Returns the current Time.

time({hour [, minute, …]})

Temporal

Returns a Time with the specified component values.

time(string)

Temporal

Returns a Time by parsing a string.

time({time [, hour, …, timezone]})

Temporal

Returns a Time from a map of another temporal value’s components.

time.realtime()

Temporal

Returns the current Time using the realtime clock.

time.statement()

Temporal

Returns the current Time using the statement clock.

time.transaction()

Temporal

Returns the current Time using the transaction clock.

time.truncate()

Temporal

Returns a Time obtained by truncating a value at a specific component boundary. Truncation summary.

timestamp()

Scalar

Returns the difference, measured in milliseconds, between the current time and midnight, January 1, 1970 UTC.

toBoolean()

Scalar

Converts a string value to a boolean value.

toFloat()

Scalar

Converts an integer or string value to a floating point number.

toInteger()

Scalar

Converts a floating point or string value to an integer value.

toLower()

String

Returns the original string in lowercase.

toString()

String

Converts an integer, float, boolean or temporal (i.e. Date, Time, LocalTime, DateTime, LocalDateTime or Duration) value to a string.

toUpper()

String

Returns the original string in uppercase.

trim()

String

Returns the original string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

type()

Scalar

Returns the string representation of the relationship type.

Expressions

Name	Description
CASE Expression	A generic conditional expression, similar to if/else statements available in other languages.

Name

Description

CASE Expression

A generic conditional expression, similar to if/else statements available in other languages.

Cypher query options

Name Type Description

Name	Type	Description
CYPHER $version query	Version	This will force `'query'` to use Neo4j Cypher `$version`. The default is `4.0`.
CYPHER runtime=interpreted query	Runtime	This will force the query planner to use the interpreted runtime. This is the only option in Neo4j Community Edition.
CYPHER runtime=slotted query	Runtime	This will cause the query planner to use the slotted runtime. This is only available in Neo4j Enterprise Edition.
CYPHER runtime=pipelined query	Runtime	This will cause the query planner to use the pipelined runtime if it supports `'query'`. This is only available in Neo4j Enterprise Edition.

CYPHER $version query

Version

This will force 'query' to use Neo4j Cypher $version. The default is 4.0.

CYPHER runtime=interpreted query

Runtime

This will force the query planner to use the interpreted runtime. This is the only option in Neo4j Community Edition.

CYPHER runtime=slotted query

Runtime

This will cause the query planner to use the slotted runtime. This is only available in Neo4j Enterprise Edition.

CYPHER runtime=pipelined query

Runtime

This will cause the query planner to use the pipelined runtime if it supports 'query'. This is only available in Neo4j Enterprise Edition.

Administrative commands

The following commands are only executable against the system database:

Command	Admin category	Description
ALTER CURRENT USER SET PASSWORD FROM … TO	User and role	Change the password of the user that is currently logged in.
ALTER USER … [SET PASSWORD {password [CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED] \| CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED}] [SET STATUS {ACTIVE \| SUSPENDED}]	User and role	Changes a user account. Changes can include setting a new password, setting the account status and enabling that the user should change the password upon next login.
CREATE [OR REPLACE] DATABASE … [IF NOT EXISTS]	Database	Creates a new database.
CREATE [OR REPLACE] ROLE … [IF NOT EXISTS] [AS COPY OF]	User and role	Creates new roles.
CREATE [OR REPLACE] USER … [IF NOT EXISTS] SET PASSWORD … [[SET PASSWORD] CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED] [SET STATUS {ACTIVE \| SUSPENDED}]	User and role	Creates a new user and sets the password for the new account. Optionally the account status can also be set and if the user should change the password upon first login.
DENY … ON DATABASE … TO	Privilege	Denies a database or schema privilege to one or multiple roles.
DENY … ON DBMS TO	Privilege	Denies a DBMS privilege to one or multiple roles.
DENY … ON GRAPH … [NODES \| RELATIONSHIPS \| ELEMENTS] … TO	Privilege	Denies a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements to one or multiple roles.
DROP DATABASE … [IF EXISTS] [DUMP DATA \| DESTROY DATA]	Database	Deletes a specified database.
DROP ROLE … [IF EXISTS]	User and role	Deletes a specified role.
DROP USER … [IF EXISTS]	User and role	Deletes a specified user.
GRANT … ON DATABASE … TO	Privilege	Assigns a database or schema privilege to one or multiple roles.
GRANT … ON DBMS TO	Privilege	Assigns a DBMS privilege to one or multiple roles.
GRANT … ON GRAPH … [NODES \| RELATIONSHIPS \| ELEMENTS] … TO	Privilege	Assigns a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements to one or multiple roles.
GRANT ROLE[S] … TO	User and role	Assigns one or multiple roles to one or multiple users.
REVOKE [GRANT \| DENY] … ON DATABASE … FROM	Privilege	Removes a database or schema privilege from one or multiple roles.
REVOKE [GRANT \| DENY] … ON DBMS FROM	Privilege	Removes a DBMS privilege from one or multiple roles.
REVOKE [GRANT \| DENY] … ON GRAPH … [NODES \| RELATIONSHIPS \| ELEMENTS] … FROM	Privilege	Removes a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements from one or multiple roles
REVOKE ROLE[S] … FROM	User and role	Removes one or multiple roles from one or multiple users.
SHOW [ALL \| POPULATED] ROLES [WITH USERS]	User and role	Returns information about all or populated roles, optionally including the assigned users.
SHOW DATABASE	Database	Returns information about a specified database.
SHOW DATABASES	Database	Returns information about all databases.
SHOW DEFAULT DATABASE	Database	Returns information about the default database.
SHOW [ROLE … \| USER … \| ALL ] PRIVILEGES	Privilege	Returns information about role, user or all privileges.
SHOW USERS	User and role	Returns information about all users.
START DATABASE	Database	Starts up a specified database.
STOP DATABASE	Database	Stops a specified database.

Command

Admin category

Description

ALTER CURRENT USER SET PASSWORD FROM … TO

User and role

Change the password of the user that is currently logged in.

ALTER USER … [SET PASSWORD {password [CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED] | CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED}] [SET STATUS {ACTIVE | SUSPENDED}]

User and role

Changes a user account. Changes can include setting a new password, setting the account status and enabling that the user should change the password upon next login.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] DATABASE … [IF NOT EXISTS]

Database

Creates a new database.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] ROLE … [IF NOT EXISTS] [AS COPY OF]

User and role

Creates new roles.

CREATE [OR REPLACE] USER … [IF NOT EXISTS] SET PASSWORD … [[SET PASSWORD] CHANGE [NOT] REQUIRED] [SET STATUS {ACTIVE | SUSPENDED}]

User and role

Creates a new user and sets the password for the new account. Optionally the account status can also be set and if the user should change the password upon first login.

DENY … ON DATABASE … TO

Privilege

Denies a database or schema privilege to one or multiple roles.

DENY … ON DBMS TO

Privilege

Denies a DBMS privilege to one or multiple roles.

DENY … ON GRAPH … [NODES | RELATIONSHIPS | ELEMENTS] … TO

Privilege

Denies a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements to one or multiple roles.

DROP DATABASE … [IF EXISTS] [DUMP DATA | DESTROY DATA]

Database

Deletes a specified database.

DROP ROLE … [IF EXISTS]

User and role

Deletes a specified role.

DROP USER … [IF EXISTS]

User and role

Deletes a specified user.

GRANT … ON DATABASE … TO

Privilege

Assigns a database or schema privilege to one or multiple roles.

GRANT … ON DBMS TO

Privilege

Assigns a DBMS privilege to one or multiple roles.

GRANT … ON GRAPH … [NODES | RELATIONSHIPS | ELEMENTS] … TO

Privilege

Assigns a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements to one or multiple roles.

GRANT ROLE[S] … TO

User and role

Assigns one or multiple roles to one or multiple users.

REVOKE [GRANT | DENY] … ON DATABASE … FROM

Privilege

Removes a database or schema privilege from one or multiple roles.

REVOKE [GRANT | DENY] … ON DBMS FROM

Privilege

Removes a DBMS privilege from one or multiple roles.

REVOKE [GRANT | DENY] … ON GRAPH … [NODES | RELATIONSHIPS | ELEMENTS] … FROM

Privilege

Removes a graph privilege for one or multiple specified elements from one or multiple roles

REVOKE ROLE[S] … FROM

User and role

Removes one or multiple roles from one or multiple users.

SHOW [ALL | POPULATED] ROLES [WITH USERS]

User and role

Returns information about all or populated roles, optionally including the assigned users.

SHOW DATABASE

Database

Returns information about a specified database.

SHOW DATABASES

Database

Returns information about all databases.

SHOW DEFAULT DATABASE

Database

Returns information about the default database.

SHOW [ROLE … | USER … | ALL ] PRIVILEGES

Privilege

Returns information about role, user or all privileges.

SHOW USERS

User and role

Returns information about all users.

START DATABASE

Database

Starts up a specified database.

STOP DATABASE

Database

Stops a specified database.

Privilege Actions

Name	Category	Description
ACCESS	Database	Determines whether a user can access a specific database.
ALL DATABASE PRIVILEGES	Database and schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to access, create and drop indexes and constraints, create new labels, types and property names on a specific database.
ALL DBMS PRIVILEGES	DBMS	Determines whether a user is allowed to perform role, user, database and privilege management.
ALL GRAPH PRIVILEGES	GRAPH	Determines whether a user is allowed to perform reads and writes.
ALTER USER	DBMS	Determines whether the user can modify users.
ASSIGN PRIVILEGE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can assign privileges using the GRANT and DENY commands.
ASSIGN ROLE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can grant roles.
CONSTRAINT MANAGEMENT	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create and drop constraints on a specific database.
CREATE	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can create a new element (node, relationship or both).
CREATE CONSTRAINT	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create constraints on a specific database.
CREATE DATABASE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create new databases.
CREATE INDEX	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create indexes on a specific database.
CREATE NEW NODE LABEL	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create new node labels on a specific database.
CREATE NEW PROPERTY NAME	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create new property names on a specific database.
CREATE NEW RELATIONSHIP TYPE	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create new relationship types on a specific database.
CREATE ROLE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create new roles.
CREATE USER	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create new users.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create and delete databases.
DELETE	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can delete an element (node, relationship or both).
DROP CONSTRAINT	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to drop constraints on a specific database.
DROP DATABASE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can delete databases.
DROP INDEX	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to drop indexes on a specific database.
DROP ROLE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can delete roles.
DROP USER	DBMS	Determines whether the user can delete users.
INDEX MANAGEMENT	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create and drop indexes on a specific database.
MATCH	GRAPH	Determines whether the properties of an element (node, relationship or both) can be read and the element can be found and traversed while executing queries on the specified graph.
MERGE	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can find, read, create and set properties on an element (node, relationship or both).
NAME MANAGEMENT	Schema	Determines whether a user is allowed to create new labels, types and property names on a specific database.
PRIVILEGE MANAGEMENT	DBMS	Determines whether the user can show, assign and remove privileges.
READ	GRAPH	Determines whether the properties of an element (node, relationship or both) can be read while executing queries on the specified graph.
REMOVE LABEL	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can remove a label from a node using the REMOVE clause.
REMOVE PRIVILEGE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can remove privileges using the REVOKE command.
REMOVE ROLE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can revoke roles.
ROLE MANAGEMENT	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create, drop, grant, revoke and show roles.
SET LABEL	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can set a label to a node using the SET clause.
SET PASSWORDS	DBMS	Determines whether the user can modify users' passwords and whether those passwords must be changed upon first login.
SET PROPERTY	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can set a property to an element (node, relationship or both) using the SET clause.
SET USER STATUS	DBMS	Determines whether the user can modify the account status of users.
SHOW PRIVILEGE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can get information about privileges assigned to users and roles.
SHOW ROLE	DBMS	Determines whether the user can get information about existing and assigned roles.
SHOW TRANSACTION	Database	Determines whether a user is allowed to list transactions and queries.
SHOW USER	DBMS	Determines whether the user can get information about existing users.
START	Database	Determines whether a user can start up a specific database.
STOP	Database	Determines whether a user can stop a specific running database.
TERMINATE TRANSACTION	Database	Determines whether a user is allowed to end running transactions and queries.
TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT	Database	Determines whether a user is allowed to list and end running transactions and queries.
TRAVERSE	GRAPH	Determines whether an element (node, relationship or both) can be found and traversed while executing queries on the specified graph.
USER MANAGEMENT	DBMS	Determines whether the user can create, drop, modify and show users.
WRITE	GRAPH	Determines whether the user can execute write operations on the specified graph.

Name