Logarithmic functions

Logarithmic mathematical functions operate on numeric expressions only, and will return an error if used on any other values. See also Mathematical operators.

e()

Details
Syntax	`e()`
Description	Returns the base of the natural logarithm, e.
Returns	`FLOAT`

Example 1. e()

Query

RETURN e()

The base of the natural logarithm, e, is returned.

Result
e()
`2.718281828459045`
Rows: 1

exp()

Details
Syntax	`exp(input)`
Description	Returns e^n, where e is the base of the natural logarithm, and n is the value of the argument expression.
Arguments	Name	Type	Description
	`input`	`FLOAT`	A value to which the base of the natural logarithm, e, will be raised.
Returns	`FLOAT`

Considerations
`exp(null)` returns `null`.
`exp()` returns `Infinity` when the return value is greater than the largest `FLOAT` value (Java Double.MAX_VALUE).

Example 2. exp()

Query

RETURN exp(2)

e to the power of 2 is returned.

Result
exp(2)
`7.38905609893065`
Rows: 1

log()

Details
Syntax	`log(input)`
Description	Returns the natural logarithm of a `FLOAT`.
Arguments	Name	Type	Description
	`input`	`FLOAT`	A value for which the natural logarithm will be returned.
Returns	`FLOAT`

Considerations
`log(null)` returns `null`.
`log(0)` returns `-Infinity`.
If (`input` < 0), then (`log(input)`) returns `NaN`.

Example 3. log()

Query

RETURN log(27)

The natural logarithm of 27 is returned.

Result
log(27)
`3.295836866004329`
Rows: 1

ln()
Cypher 25 onlyIntroduced in Neo4j 2026.02

Details
Syntax	`ln(input)`
Description	Returns the natural logarithm of a `FLOAT`.
Arguments	Name	Type	Description
	`input`	`FLOAT`	A value for which the natural logarithm will be returned.
Returns	`FLOAT`

This function is an alias to the log() function, and it was introduced as part of Cypher®'s GQL conformance.

Differences from GQL

In GQL, the natural logarithm function must raise an exception when the input is zero or negative. In Cypher®, ln(0) returns -Infinity and ln(negative) returns NaN. Changing Cypher® to raise an error for these inputs would be a breaking change, so the difference is documented here and in the GQL conformance section.

Considerations
`ln(null)` returns `null`.
`ln(0)` returns `-Infinity`.
If (`input` < 0), then (`ln(input)`) returns `NaN`.

Example 4. ln()

Query

RETURN ln(27)

The natural logarithm of 27 is returned.

Result
ln(27)
`3.295836866004329`
Rows: 1

log10()

Details
Syntax	`log10(input)`
Description	Returns the common logarithm (base 10) of a `FLOAT`.
Arguments	Name	Type	Description
	`input`	`FLOAT`	A value for which the common logarithm (base 10) will be returned.
Returns	`FLOAT`

Considerations
`log10(null)` returns `null`.
`log10(0)` returns `-Infinity`.
If (`input` < 0), then (`log10(input)`) returns `NaN`.

Example 5. log10()

Query

RETURN log10(27)

The common logarithm of 27 is returned.

Result
log10(27)
`1.4313637641589874`
Rows: 1

sqrt()

Details
Syntax	`sqrt(input)`
Description	Returns the square root of a `FLOAT`.
Arguments	Name	Type	Description
	`input`	`FLOAT`	The value to calculate the square root of.
Returns	`FLOAT`

Considerations
`sqrt(null)` returns `null`.
If (`input` < 0), then (`sqrt(input)`) returns `NaN`.

Example 6. sqrt()

Query

RETURN sqrt(256)

The square root of 256 is returned.

Result
sqrt(256)
`16.0`
Rows: 1

Logarithmic functions

e()

exp()

log()

ln()Cypher 25 onlyIntroduced in Neo4j 2026.02

log10()

sqrt()

ln()
Cypher 25 onlyIntroduced in Neo4j 2026.02